WASHINGTON (AP) — Volkswagen will spend up to $15.3 billion to settle consumer lawsuits and government allegations that it cheated on emissions tests in what lawyers are calling the largest auto-related class-action settlement in U.S. history.

Up to $10 billion will go to 475,000 VW or Audi diesel owners who thought they were buying high-performance, environmentally friendly cars but later learned the vehicles’ emissions vastly exceeded U.S. pollution laws.

VW agreed to either buy back or repair the vehicles, although it hasn’t yet developed a fix for the problem. Owners will also receive payments of $5,100 to $10,000, depending on the age of their vehicles.

The settlement also includes $2.7 billion for environmental mitigation and another $2 billion for research on zero-emissions vehicles.

The German automaker also settled claims with 44 states, Washington, D.C., and Puerto Rico for about $603 million. It still faces billions more in fines and penalties as well as possible criminal charges.

Volkswagen has admitted that the cars, equipped with 2-liter diesel engines, were programmed to turn on emissions controls during government lab tests and turn them off while on the road. Investigators determined that the cars emitted more than 40 times the legal limit of nitrogen oxide, which can cause respiratory problems in humans.

The company got away with the scheme for seven years until independent researchers discovered it and reported VW to the Environmental Protection Agency.

“Using the power of the Clean Air Act, we’re getting VW’s polluting vehicles off the road and we’re reducing harmful pollution in our air – pollution that never should have been emitted in the first place,” said Gina McCarthy, administrator of the EPA. “It should send a very clear message that when you break the laws designed to protect public health in this country, there are serious consequences.”

The settlement still must be approved by U.S. District Judge Charles Breyer, who has set a hearing for preliminary approval on July 26. Final approval is expected in October.

If the settlement is approved, owners who choose to have VW buy back their cars would get the National Automobile Dealers Association clean trade-in value from before the scandal became public on Sept. 18, 2015. That would be $12,500 to $44,000, depending on the model, age, mileage and options on their car, the Justice Department said in a statement.

Models covered by the settlement include the 2009- 15 Jetta and Audi A3, the 2010-15 Golf, and the 2012- 15 Beetle and Passat, all with 2-liter diesel engines.

Owners can also have VW repair the cars for free, assuming it comes up with a fix. According to court documents filed Tuesday, there currently is no repair that can bring the cars into compliance with U.S. pollution regulations.

When VW eventually proposes a repair, it must be approved by the Environmental Protection Agency and the California Air Resources Board. VW has to submit any proposed fixes to the EPA between November 2016 and October 2017.

Any repair that regulators approve is likely to hurt the cars’ acceleration and fuel economy. Volkswagen marketed the cars as both more fuel efficient and better performing that those with regular gasoline engines. If it can’t come up with a repair, VW could be forced to buy back all of the vehicles.

Volkswagen also will pay off customers’ loans if they owe more than their car is worth due to rapid depreciation. Owners will have the option of having VW retire loans up to 130 percent of the cars’ value before the scandal.

Owners can choose to decline Volkswagen’s offer and sue the company on their own.

The company has to buy back or repair 85 percent of the vehicles by June 30, 2019, or pay even more money into an environmental trust fund.