Mark Zandi, the chief economist of Moody’s Analytics, joined at right by Abigail Ross Hopper, president and CEO of the Solar Energy Industries Association, testifies before the Senate Budget Committee as the panel holds a hearing on the Republican proposal to address the debt limit, which passed along party lines in the House last week, at the Capitol in Washington on Thursday. J. Scott Applewhite/Associated Press

WASHINGTON — Senate Democrats pressured Republicans on the debt ceiling impasse Thursday, focused in a hearing on what they say will be painful reductions in government services if a bill recently passed by the House becomes law.

No one expects that the House bill, which would importantly increase the nation’s borrowing authority as well as cut spending, will reach President Joe Biden’s desk. The Democratic Senate won’t let it.

Many Republicans admitted so when passing the measure. But they said action by the House was necessary to get Biden to the negotiating table with Republican Speaker Kevin McCarthy. A meeting at the White House with congressional leaders of both parties is set for next week.

Despite the legislation’s certain demise, Democrats are eager to tie Republicans, particularly in swing districts and states, to various provisions in the bill. Those include one that would cap next year’s spending at 2022 levels and allow it to rise only 1% annually in the ensuing years.

That change, which accounts for most of the projected $4.8 trillion in savings, could have severe impacts on programs such as Head Start and Meals on Wheels, cancer research, and veterans’ health care, Democrats say.

“If Republicans won’t level with the American people about their terrible bill, Senate Democrats are going to do it for them,” Senate Majority Leader Chuck Schumer, D-N.Y., said.

It’s just the latest jousting in Congress over the debt limit, a legal limit to government borrowing that has been raised repeatedly in recent years as the nation’s debt has swelled past $31 trillion. The urgency around the issue intensified this week as the Treasury Department announced that the “extraordinary measures” being used to avoid a devastating government default could run out on June 1 – giving lawmakers just a few weeks to find a solution.

Republicans describe the Democratic effort as a distraction that won’t change their position: Biden must negotiate spending reductions in exchange for increasing the debt ceiling.

“It’s showboating to badmouth the fact that the only thing that’s been done on the debt ceiling and the budget is what Republicans have done,” said Sen. Chuck Grassley, the ranking Republican on the committee. “Now the ball is in the court of the president to negotiate, and they want to distract from that.”

Grassley said it would be up to Congress to decide how to meet the spending caps that the House bill puts in place, and that “nothing in the legislation mandates cuts to defense, veterans’ health care, border security or other activities that Republicans have already prioritized.”

The House bill would reduce deficits over 10 years by, among other things, clawing back unspent COVID aid, removing the clean energy tax credits that Biden signed into law last year, and reversing Biden’s student debt forgiveness and repayment plan.

But those spending reductions could come at a cost. Moody’s Analytics estimated that the Republican bill would cause 790,000 job losses next year.

Mark Zandi, chief economist at Moody’s Analytics, said that the timing of the spending cuts that would occur through the House bill would “meaningfully increase” the likelihood of a recession. Economic growth, he projects will be about 2.23% should Congress pass a clean debt ceiling, versus 1.61% if the House Republican legislation becomes law.

“We need to end this drama as quickly as possible,” Zandi said of the debt ceiling impasse. “If we don’t, we’re going to go into recession and our fiscal challenges will be made even worse,”

Senate Budget Committee Ranking Member Sen. Chuck Grassley, R-Iowa, left, joins Chairman Sen. Sheldon Whitehouse, D-R.I., at a hearing on the Republican proposal to address the debt limit which passed along party lines in the House last week, at the Capitol in Washington on Thursday. J. Scott Applewhite/Associated Press

Republicans have argued that reduced spending is necessary to curb the inflation that has increased the cost of fuel, food, and housing. They say their legislation will put the country’s finances on a slightly more sustainable path without harmful hikes to income taxes.

Sen. Sheldon Whitehouse, the Democratic chairman of the Senate Budget Committee, mocked that rationale. House Republicans care about the debt “sporadically,” he said, pointing to $7 trillion in debt that was added under President Donald Trump and $3 trillion under President George W. Bush.

“But when there’s a Democrat in the Oval Office they seek to interfere with the ability of government to function, whether it’s shutdowns or near-defaults, or blocking economic recovery legislation,” Whitehouse said. “They seek to cause chaos.”

Excluding defense programs and veterans’ health benefits from the cuts when enacting future spending bills, would put more pressure on other non-defense spending approved by Congress each year. Such spending would fall to 2% of GDP by 2033, the lowest level since at least the early 1960s. Such non-defense spending does not include mandatory funds for Medicare and Social Security.

Sen. Ben Ray Lujan, D-N.M., said he is one of two senators to have attended Head Start, and warned that the House bill would eventually lead to dramatic cuts in that program. He said his participation in the program allowed him to learn, socialize and receive healthy food while his parents could stay in the workplace.

“That sounds like good economic policy to me,” Lujan said.

Two other witnesses called on lawmakers to continue provisions passed into law last August designed to curb global warming and boost clean energy production. House Republicans propose rescinding most of the energy tax credits and spending in that bill, reducing deficits by more than $500 billion over 10 years.

But those tax breaks have spurred billions of dollars in private sector investments across the country, according to Abigail Ross Hopper, president and CEO of the Solar Energy Industries Association. She said that some 40 new electric battery manufacturing sites are coming to states such as Michigan, Arizona, and South Carolina. Companies are also expanding their battery manufacturing plants in states such as Oklahoma and Alabama, while wind-power manufacturing facilities are coming to Iowa, Georgia, Texas, and others.

“Any threat to the IRA,” she said, referring to Democrats’ Inflation Reduction Act, “is a threat to these factories and these jobs.”

Fred Krupp, president of the Environmental Defense Fund, called on lawmakers to maintain a charge on excessive methane emissions from U.S. oil and gas facilities that the House bill would repeal. He said swift cuts in methane could slow the rate of global warming by 30%, plus provide important health benefits to Americans near active oil or gas sites because other pollutants, such as cancer-causing benzene, are emitted alongside methane.

“Congress was right to enact (it), our health and the environment will benefit because of it, and it should be left in place to do its job,” Krupp said.

Brian Riedl, a senior fellow at the Manhattan Institute for Policy Research, told lawmakers there has been a long history of attaching efforts to reduce the deficit to debt ceiling bills. He said the nation’s debt, now at more than $31 trillion, means that all legislative avenues should be open to addressing it.

Jason Fichtner, chief economist at the Bipartisan Policy Center, said while the debt limit is not a good mechanism to address the nation’s fiscal challenges, “it is the opportunity currently present and available.”