People stand outside a Silicon Valley Bank branch in Santa Clara, Calif., on March 10. Jeff Chiu/Associated Press

In scathing reports, federal regulators on Friday outlined several disastrous decisions – including failures by the Federal Reserve and Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation – that ultimately led to last month’s banking crisis.

A much-anticipated 114-page report from the Fed on Silicon Valley Bank set the stage for a new, aggressive push to tighten up many of the rules that were eased by Congress in a bipartisan vote in 2018 and further loosened by the Fed in 2019. A separate report on Signature Bank’s collapse released later Friday by the FDIC blamed that bank’s management for ignoring risks – and also faulted the FDIC for not pushing the bank harder.

“SVB’s failure demonstrates that there are weaknesses in regulation and supervision that must be addressed,” Fed Vice Chair for Supervision Michael Barr wrote in a letter accompanying his report. “Regulatory standards for SVB were too low, the supervision of SVB did not work with sufficient force and urgency, and contagion from the firm’s failure posed systemic consequences not contemplated by the Federal Reserve’s tailoring framework,” Barr wrote, referring to moves in 2018 and 2019 to ease, or “tailor,” the banking system’s rules.

The Fed launched its investigation of what went wrong after the implosion of SVB and Signature Bank spurred two weeks of economic panic and forced an emergency government intervention in March. That crisis appears to have been contained, but officials have been seeking to explain what regulators missed and how two poorly managed banks could so quickly threaten the broader financial system. Meanwhile, the unknown fate and plunging share price of First Republic Bank have left regulators and industry executives scrambling to find a solution that does not also cause that bank’s collapse.

A television screen displaying financial news, including the stock price of First Republic Bank, is seen inside one of the bank’s branches in New York’s Financial District, on March 16. Mary Altaffer/Associated Press

On Monday, the FDIC will also release a report on whether the rules governing deposit insurance should be changed. (Typically, the FDIC ensures deposits up to $250,000, but in the recent crisis, government officials decided to guarantee all deposits at both banks to avoid a wider catastrophe.) The Fed and FDIC regulate different kinds of banks, with the FDIC overseeing state-chartered and regional banks that are not members of the Fed system, as SVB was.

Barr, nominated by President Biden as the Fed’s chief banking cop in 2022, wrote the report on SVB and will lead any push for new rules. He has long been a critic of past moves to weaken banking system oversight, which he had helped to strengthen after the 2008 financial crisis.

Still, the report is likely to draw criticism from the banking industry and from Republicans who dispute claims that the looser rules directly contributed to SVB’s downfall. In a statement, Rep. Patrick T. McHenry (R-N.C.), the chairman of the House Financial Services Committee, said that although he agreed with Barr on some issues – including on a need to pay attention to liquidity when a bank is growing fast – “the bulk of the report appears to be a justification of Democrats’ long-held priorities.”

“The section on tailoring is a thinly veiled attempt to validate the Biden Administration and Congressional Democrats’ calls for more regulation,” McHenry said. “Politicizing bank failures does not serve our economy, financial system, or the American people well.”

Federal Reserve Board of Governors Vice Chair for Supervision Michael Barr Andrew Harnik/Associated Press

Barr’s proposals will go through standard rulemaking procedures, but senior Fed officials have expressed confidence that these changes will come to fruition. Barr said the Fed will reevaluate a range of rules for midsize banks that have at least $100 billion of assets. The Fed also will reconsider how it guards against risks from rising interest rates, which are seen as having played a major role in SVB’s demise. And the central bank will reexamine rules governing how much capital banks have to keep on hand; the stability of banks’ uninsured deposits; and the Fed’s audits, known as “stress testing,” which the 2019 rules change made less complex.

That push was overseen by Barr’s predecessor, Randal Quarles, and supported by Fed Chair Jerome H. Powell. (Quarles could not immediately be reached for comment.)

In a statement Friday, Powell said of Barr’s report, “I agree with and support his recommendations to address our rules and supervisory practices, and I am confident they will lead to a stronger and more resilient banking system.”

The changes would not require separate legislation or approval by Congress, according to senior Fed officials. Powell and the Fed’s board of governors were briefed on the findings but were not involved in the review or final report. Also not involved were the staffers involved in supervising SVB before it failed in early March.

Federal Reserve Board Chair Jerome Powell Alex Brandon/Associated Press

Barr’s investigation pointed to four main culprits, with blame spanning perceived recklessness by the bank’s leadership and Congress’s push to weaken oversight of the banking system. The report also characterized SVB’s meltdown as a perfect storm of compounding hazards: the bank’s explosive growth, a weak supervisory culture at the Fed, and even the pandemic’s interference with routine regulatory examinations.

First, the report said, SVB’s board of directors and management had failed to manage their risks. Second, Fed supervisors did not appreciate the extent of those risks as SVB ballooned in size from $71 billion in 2019 to more than $211 billion in 2021 without facing stricter standards. Then, when Fed officials did notice problems with the bank, they did not take sufficient steps to ensure that SVB corrected its deficiencies. And finally, the Fed’s approach to “tailoring” bank rules undermined effective supervision “by reducing standards, increasing complexity, and promoting a less assertive supervisory approach.”

In an unprecedented move, the Fed also released more than two dozen documents specific to SVB, materials that are typically confidential and visible to supervisors only. The Fed said the bank had 31 unaddressed safety and soundness supervisory warnings – triple the average number for peer banks.

In one example, the Fed released a presentation given to the board on interest rate risk before the bank’s collapse. The slide deck gave only one example – SVB – noting that the bank had been downgraded and was being given heightened supervisory attention. The bank failed weeks later.

A person leaves one of the Signature Bank branches in New York on March 13. Yuki Iwamura/Associated Press

At Signature Bank, the FDIC found that the institution was doomed by “poor management” as its leaders “pursued rapid, unrestrained growth.” The bank also funded that expansion by relying too heavily on uninsured deposits, without implementing any checks on its liquidity risk.

But the FDIC, too, failed to carry out its supervisory duties, according to the report. Officials could have escalated warnings against the bank sooner and more effectively. The investigation also said that regulation was hampered back by basic staffing challenges, including persistent vacancies, frequent turnover, and difficulty filling key positions that let oversight slip through the cracks.

The report also said that Signature failed to understand the risks of reliance on cryptocurrency industry deposits or its vulnerability to turmoil in the crypto industry. For example, in late 2022, when the bank’s liquidity deteriorated – in large part due to stress in the crypto industry – Signature wasn’t prepared for the shock of an uninsured deposit run.

The FDIC report did not come with sweeping regulatory changes or proposals. It did map out “matters for further study,” like taking a closer look at the process of escalating warnings and finding ways to enforce rules when banks are “unable or unwilling” to solve chronic problems.

Congress is likely to launch its investigation into the crisis. The Justice Department and the Securities and Exchange Commission also are investigating.

“It’s going to set the stage for regulatory reform,” Derek Tang, an economist at the research firm LH Meyer/Monetary Policy Analytics, said of the Fed’s probe. “It establishes the tone of what exactly went wrong. Some laws are written by Congress, and then those laws are taken by these regulators and applied. It’s figuring out exactly where it went wrong – and likely, it’s on several different layers, not just one.”

Barr pointed to a culture at the Fed that he said enabled SVB’s poor choices and ultimately gave way to gross regulatory oversights. According to the investigation, supervisors delayed action to gather more evidence, although SVB’s weaknesses were clear and growing. This meant that supervisors did not force SVB to correct its problems, even as those problems worsened. Regulatory staffers also told Barr that after tailoring rules were adopted in 2019, they felt pressure to “reduce the burden on firms, meet a higher burden of proof for a supervisory conclusion, and demonstrate due process when considering supervisory actions.”

“As a result, staff approached supervisory messages, particularly supervisory findings and enforcement actions, with a need to accumulate more evidence than in the past, which contributed to delays and in some cases led to staff not taking action,” Barr wrote.

The Fed and the FDIC quickly announced their probes, with Barr telling Congress that “any time you have a bank failure like this, bank management failed, supervisors failed, and our regulatory system failed.” But many lawmakers and economists are skeptical of the regulators’ abilities to investigate themselves. Last month, Sen. Tim Scott (S.C.), the ranking Republican on the Senate Banking Committee, said that regulators “appear to have been asleep at the wheel” and that Barr’s investigation amounted to “an obvious inherent conflict of interest and a classic case of the fox guarding the henhouse.”

Republicans and Democrats also are at odds over whether the 2018 and 2019 push for more-relaxed rules contributed to SVB’s collapse. Congress changed laws for certain banks in 2018 on a bipartisan vote urged by the Trump administration, and the Fed further eased the rules in 2019. But the banking system is extremely complicated, and it may never be clear how much tailoring directly contributed to last month’s shock.

Still, the White House is pushing for tougher rules. Biden has called on federal regulators to tighten the rules for banks with assets of $100 billion to $250 billion. Biden also asked the FDIC to exempt community banks from the fees that cover the costs of depositor rescues.