The winter moth, which has caused widespread damage already in southern New England, has now moved into eight more communities since populations were first discovered in Maine a year ago.

State officials, concerned that the moths might be spreading even further around the state, are asking residents to be on the lookout for the drab, light brown, tan or gray moths.

Additional Photos

The winter moth, like this male example, strips trees of their leaves and can ultimately kill them. The species, which has been spreading into Maine from southern New England, has been spotted in Cape Elizabeth and several other communities this winter, a noticeable increase over last December, when they first were detected. Conservation officials are asking residents to bring samples to state entomologists so they can track the spread and degree of infestation in Maine. Bo Zaremba photo

In its larval stage, the winter moth can denude trees, eating the leaves and ultimately weakening them enough that a secondary stressor such as drought or disease can debilitate and kill the tree.

A limited number of moths, only males, were initially spotted along the Maine coast in 2006 by entomologist Joe Elkinton, a professor at the University of Massachusetts at Amherst. The moth remained very limited in the state — until now.

It was found in Harpswell last December and in Vinalhaven this past spring. But over the past few days, a spate of sightings has occurred in Cape Elizabeth, said Charlene Donahue, forest entomologist with the state Department of Agriculture, Conservation and Forestry.

As recently as 2006, no females of the species, Operophtera brumata, had been trapped in Maine, and no defoliations had been found, so the moth was not considered a problem. The first full populations of moths weren’t found until 2011, and only in one coastal community, Harpswell.

The sudden increase in reported swarms has been unexpected, and officials are trying to monitor where the moths are flying.

“It is unusual,” said Donahue. A state alert about the moths was issued Tuesday and by midday Wednesday, Donahue had already received reports of 13 sightings of moths flying in Cape Elizabeth, as well as scattered reports from Scarborough, South Portland, Portland, Falmouth, Woolwich, Westport Island and Brunswick.

Winter moths, which are believed to have been introduced into North America from Europe, were found in Nova Scotia as early as the 1930s, but have become a serious problem in Massachusetts over the past several years, particularly in the coastal communities south of Boston and on Cape Cod.

The potential economic impact of a winter moth infestation in Maine is difficult to estimate, Donahue said. It strikes several species of trees and shrubs here, including oak, maple, apple, elm, ash, crabapple, cherry and blueberry.

In Massachusetts, Elkinton said, no damage estimates have been determined in terms of forests, crops or home landscapes, but the pest has been particularly destructive in blueberry fields, and to a lesser extent to apple orchards that haven’t been sprayed with insecticides.

Donahue said homeowners are likely to face increased costs for prevention and treatment of vulnerable plantings, as well as dealing with trees that might die over several years.

Another recent pest, the emerald ash borer, posed a threat to the 6.7 millions cords of ash in Maine. The ash harvest brings in about $140 million a year, but that figure does not represent a major component of Maine forests’ annual yield, said Kenneth Lawtsen, biometrician for the Maine Forest Service.

By comparison, winter moths pose a vastly more significant potential threat, because they can affect all hardwoods, not a single species, he said.

Elkinton said the moths have remained almost exclusively “a coastal phenomenon.” What’s still unknown is how warm weather trends may affect their ability to spread. Usually, the moths cling to the coasts where temperatures are more moderate, but if interior parts of the state remain temperate enough, the moths may move inland.

“I don’t think it’s a threat to much of Maine,” Elkinton said. “But it is spreading.”

The moths are an unfamiliar threat for now.

“I don’t even know what it is,” said Gordon Waterman of Sanford, chairman of the New England Apple Association, based in Hatfield, Mass. “I talk to a lot of growers” all over New England, he said, “and I haven’t heard of it. Maybe I’m living under a rock.”

Nonetheless, state officials are asking residents to keep an eye out for the moths, which are in their adult phase at this time of year and most likely to be seen flying in swarms ranging from dozens to hundreds, Donahue said. If people think they see a swarm, they are asked to try to capture some specimens.

Adult moths are active from late November to January, whenever the temperature rises above freezing, as it has for several days recently, Donahue said. Males are small, light brown to tan; females small and gray, with smaller wings, incapable of flight.

The moths are drawn to porch lights or lamplight filtered through window or door screens. Or, they may be seen around deciduous trees, where they mate, or crawling at or slightly above the trunk base.

Winter moths are difficult for a lay person to distinguish from similar-looking species, but if you see a swarm of dun-colored moths flying at this time of year, in all probability, they’re winter moths.

Winter moths have moved in every direction in and beyond Massachusetts. Their devastation has been felt as far south as Rhode Island, where they have been seen for a decade, and north through New Hampshire into southern and coastal Maine.

Entomologists theorize that the pest arrived here in cocoons buried in the soil of landscape trees and plants from infested parts of other New England states, Donahue said.

Because winter moths pupate in the ground, they can be moved in soil from late May through December. Caterpillars can be spread accidentally on and in cars, boats and even on clothing and boots.

The moths have no natural enemies in North America to keep the populations in check. A parasitic fly, Cyzenis albicans, has been established in six Bay State communities and is showing some effectiveness in controlling the winter moth, Elkinton said.

Any moths that can be caught or trapped should be placed in a plastic bag and delivered for positive identification to Donahue at the Forest Entomologist Insect and Disease Laboratory, 168 State House Station, Augusta 04333. 

Staff Writer North Cairn can be contacted at 791-6325 or at:

ncairn@pressherald.com