NEW YORK — Not even a string of better earnings reports could stave off worries about debt on Monday.

Europe’s banking troubles and an impasse over lifting the U.S. government’s borrowing limit helped drag down stock markets in the United States and Europe. Gold rose above $1,600 an ounce as investors sought safe places to park money.

The S&P 500 index dropped 10.70 points, or 0.8 percent, to close at 1,305.44.

The Dow Jones industrial average and Nasdaq composite index gave up their gains for the month. The Dow fell 94.57 points, 0.8 percent, to 12,385.16. The Nasdaq fell 24.69 points, or 0.9 percent, to 2,765.11.

The results of stress tests on European banks released last week came under deeper scrutiny. Eight banks failed the test aimed at measuring how well they would hold up under additional financial strain.

But the tests didn’t take into account how banks would fare if Greece or Italy defaults, says Dan Greenhaus, chief global strategist at BTIG. Greece and Italy are among the countries most at risk of defaulting on their debts.

In the United States, the debt-limit debate remains at a standstill in Washington. The Treasury Department says the limit must be raised by Aug. 2 or the government risks defaulting on its debt.

U.S. bank stocks, which would get hit hard in the event of a default, fell sharply. Bank of America slid 2.8 percent, to $9.72, the biggest drop for the 30 stocks in the Dow average. The bank recently announced an $8.5 billion settlement with a group of mortgage bond investors and reports earnings today. It’s the only major bank trading in the single digits.

Gold rose for the 10th day in a row, jumping 0.8 percent to $1,602.40 an ounce. That’s another record in dollar terms, but it’s still below the high reached in the early 1980s once inflation is taken into account.

Traders have been buying gold as an alternative to holding dollars and euros.